Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Perfectionism Among Graduate Students in Health Sciences Programs.

Graduate students in occupational therapy, physical therapy, physician assistant, and speech-language pathology programs in the United States were surveyed using an online questionnaire in spring 2020. The 1,916 students reported on mental health diagnoses and completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and three Hewitt-Flett Perfectionism subscales. Students in all four programs scored significantly higher than national norms on depression, anxiety, and stress; and females scored higher than males on anxiety and stress. There were small differences between students in the four programs, with speech-language pathology students demonstrating higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. First-year students had higher levels of anxiety than third-year students, and third-year students had lower levels of stress than both first-year and second-year students. All three perfectionism subscales were positively, although weakly, correlated to depression, anxiety, and stress. Finally, students reported significantly higher rates of anxiety after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic than prior to the pandemic. These findings can be used to inform health science graduate programs of concerns related to student stress, anxiety, and depression as they re-evaluate program or curricular design.

Assessing Swallowing of the Breastfeeding NICU Infant Using Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing: A Feasibility Study.

BACKGROUND: Premature infants may demonstrate feeding difficulties requiring an instrumental swallowing assessment. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is one assessment that can evaluate bottle feeding and breastfeeding. PURPOSE: This pilot study investigated the safety and feasibility of FEES for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants during breastfeeding. METHODS: The setting for this prospective, descriptive study was an urban level III NICU that provided care for premature and critically ill infants. Participants were 5 infants recruited from a convenience sample who were at least 37 weeks postmenstrual age, demonstrated feeding difficulties during a bedside feeding and swallowing examination, and were breastfeeding. Each participant received a FEES assessment while breastfeeding (FEES-B). Adverse events and vital signs including prefeeding and postfeeding respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen saturation level were recorded to assess safety. Visualization of milk, laryngeal penetration, and tracheal aspiration assessed feasibility. RESULTS: Participants had a mean postmenstrual age of 39.8 weeks. No adverse events, including epistaxis or laryngospasm, were reported; there were no instances of autonomic instability; and there were no statistically significant differences between prefeeding and postfeeding respiratory rate, heart rate, or oxygen saturation level. Two infants successfully breastfed during FEES-B. Human milk was observable, and laryngeal penetration was noted with 1 infant. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: FEES-B was found to be safe, with limited data supporting feasibility. Infants demonstrated no physiologic instability during FEES-B, and milk was visualized in the pharynx during breastfeeding with 2 infants. IMPLICATION FOR RESEARCH: Further studies are warranted to assess effectiveness of FEES-B in infants.

Comparing videofluoroscopy and endoscopy to assess swallowing in bottle-fed young infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of videofluoroscopy (VFSS) and endoscopy (FEES) in detecting laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration in bottle-fed young infants in the NICU. STUDY DESIGN: VFSS and FEES findings of 22 infants were compared to each other and to a composite reference standard in this prospective study. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each assessment. RESULT: Agreement between VFSS and FEES was high (92%) for aspiration and moderate (56%) for penetration, with FEES detecting more instances of penetration. Compared to the composite reference standard, FEES had greater sensitivity and a higher negative predictive value for penetration than VFSS. Because of the low prevalence of aspiration, diagnostic accuracy could not be determined for aspiration for either assessment. CONCLUSION: FEES appears to be more accurate in detecting penetration in this population, and both assessments are valuable tools in a comprehensive feeding and swallowing evaluation.